Zimbabwe has replaced its collapsing local dollar with a new gold-backed currency, the latest attempt by President Emmerson Mnangagwa’s administration to address decades of monetary upheaval.
John Mushayavanhu, head of the southern African country’s central bank, confessed on Friday that money creation had destroyed the five-year-old Zimbabwe dollar as he introduced the ZiG, its successor.
Mushayavanhu said the ZiG, which stands for Zimbabwe Gold, will have an initial value of 13.56 to the US dollar, after the former currency lost more than three-quarters of its value this year alone, trading at Z$36,000 to the dollar.
“We want a solid and stable national currency . . . it does not help to print money,” he added, reflecting a long history of Zimbabwe’s ruling Zanu-PF using inflationary financing to pay for spending and reward allies. The new currency “shall be anchored in and backed or covered by a composite basket of foreign currency reserves and precious metals received [mainly gold] and valuable minerals”, according to a ruling Mnangagwa’s government issued on Friday to enforce the new money.
Along with a few other foreign currency reserves, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe has somewhat more than one tonne of gold stored in its own vaults and another 1.5 tonne kept abroad.
There are doubts from economists that these reserves will be enough to support a new currency, especially given a widespread lack of trust from ordinary Zimbabweans who have seen purchasing power and savings wiped out by years of turmoil. So many Zimbabweans prefer to keep their money at home that the practice has gained an affectionate nickname: “mattress banking”.
“We’ve had five currencies over the past 10 years,” said Masimba Manyanya, a former chief economist in the finance ministry. “It reflects confusion within government itself.” Benson Gandiwa, who runs a grocery shop in the capital Harare, said he had not used the local currency in years and had no plans to change that. “My business is alive because I stick to the US dollar,” he said.
Zimbabwe’s foreign exchange reserves remain far below those of many African economies, equating to barely one month of import cover. In Kenya, which recently averted a looming currency crisis, the central bank’s reserves have recovered to more than $7bn, or 3.7 months of import cover. “Zimbabwe has less than a month of reserves, not enough to defend the structured currency,” said economist Tinashe Murapata. “A new currency every five years now seems the norm.”
Zimbabwe cannot rebuild reserves without access to international markets and multilateral support, which has been cut off by decades of arrears to official lenders on much of its external debt. Mnangagwa made new overtures to end the financial isolation and clear the debt after taking power from Robert Mugabe in a 2017 coup.
But repeated bouts of repression by his security forces over the years have made the US and other governments less willing to engage.
This year the US suspended its involvement in a dialogue on the debt over the running of elections in 2023, which were widely seen as rigged in order to re-elect Mnangagwa to a second term.
Mnangagwa this week declared a state of disaster over a severe regional drought that has destroyed much of this year’s harvest, and said that more than $2bn would be needed to finance the emergency response.
